Language interpretation

Interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a source language.

The most common two modes    of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source    korean interpreter pune     language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure.

Interpreting is an ancient human  activity which     predates the invention of writing. However, the origins of the profession   of interpreting date back to less than a century ago.

Historiography

Research into the various aspects of the history of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to  professional   conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of  interpreting in history, and until the  only a few dozen publications were done on it.

Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited.Moreover, interpreters and their work have usually not found their way into the history     books.One of     the reasons   for that is the dominance of the written text over the spoken word (in the sense that those   who have left written texts are more likely to be recorded by historians). Another problem is     the tendency to view it as an ordinary support activity which does not require any special attention, and the social status of interpreters, who were sometimes treated unfairly by scribes, chroniclers and historians.

Our knowledge of the past of interpreting tends to come from letters, chronicles, biographies, diaries and memoirs, along with a variety of other documents and literary works, many of which (and with few exceptions) were only incidentally or marginally related to interpreting.

Etymology

Many Indo-European languages have words for 'interpreting' and 'interpreter'. Expressions in Germanic, Scandinavian and Slavic languages    denoting an   interpreter can be traced back to Akkadian, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root targumânu/turgumânu also gave rise to the term dragoman via an etymological sideline from Arabic.

The English word ‘interpreter’, however, is derived from Latin interpres (meaning ‘expounder’, ‘person explaining what is obscure’), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from partes or pretium (meaning ‘price’, which fits the meaning of a ‘middleman’, ‘intermediary’ or ‘commercial go-between’), but others have suggested a Sanskrit root.

Modes

Consecutive

In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret before the speaker pauses. Therefore, the time needed is much    lower (possibly half the time needed). Traditionally, the interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.

Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on note-taking. The notes must     be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them. Consecutive     interpreting    korean interpreter pune  of whole       thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter has the whole   meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used.

An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity   of the subject      matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.

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