Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and  interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this      distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

A translator always risks    korean interpreter pune   inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language     calques    and loanwords that        have  enriched  target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.

Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to  automate     translation or to mechanically aid the human translator.More recently, the rise     of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language localization".

Etymology

The English word "translation" derives from the Latin word translatio,which comes from trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring" (-latio in turn coming from latus, the past participle of ferre). Thus translatio is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across": in this case, of a text from one language to another.

Some Slavic languages and the Germanic   languages (other than Dutch and Afrikaans) have calqued their words for the concept of "translation" on translatio.

The Romance languages  and the remaining    Slavic languages have derived their words for the concept of "translation" from an alternative Latin word, traductio, itself derived from traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from trans, "across" + ducere, "to lead" or "to bring")

The Ancient Greek term for "translation" (metaphrasis, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase" (a "literal", or "word-for-word", translation)—as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other words", from  paraphrasis)."Metaphrase" corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence"; and "paraphrase", to "dynamic equivalence".

Strictly speaking, the concept of metaphrase—of "word-for-word translation"—is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given language often carries more than one meaning; and because a similar given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more than one word. Nevertheless, "metaphrase" and "paraphrase" may be useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation.

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