
Turning
Turning is a machining process in which a cutting
tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving
more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.
Usually the term "turning" is reserved for
the generation of external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same
essential cutting action when applied to internal surfaces (that is, holes, of
one kind or another) is called "boring". Thus the phrase
"turning and boring" categorizes the larger family
of (essentially similar) processes known as lathing. The cutting of faces on
the workpiece (that is, surfaces perpendicular to its rotating axis), whether
with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped
into either category as a subset.
Turning can be done manually, in a traditional form
of lathe, which frequently requires continuous supervision by the operator, or
by using an automated lathe which does not. Today the most common type of such
automation is computer numerical control, better known as CNC. (CNC is also
commonly used with many other types of machining besides turning.)
When turning, the workpiece (a piece of relatively
rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone) is rotated and a cutting
tool is traversed along 1, 2, or 3 axes of motion to produce precise diameters
and depths. Turning can be either on the
outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring) to produce
tubular components to various geometries. Although now quite rare, early lathes
could even be used to produce complex geometric figures, even the platonic
solids; although since the advent of CNC it has become unusual to use
non-computerized toolpath control for this purpose.
The turning processes are typically carried out on a
lathe, considered to be the oldest machine tools, and can be of four different
types such as straight turning, taper turning, profiling or external grooving.
Those types of turning processes can produce various shapes of materials such
as straight, conical, curved, or grooved workpiece. In general, turning uses
simple single-point cutting tools. Each group of workpiece materials has an
optimum set of tools angles which have been developed through the years.
The bits of waste metal from turning operations are
known as chips (North America), or swarf (Britain). In some areas they may be
known as turnings.
The tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles, but they are essentially linear (in the non mathematical sense).A component that’s is subject to turning operations can be termed as a “Turned Part†or “Machined Componentâ€. Turning operations are carried out on ""
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